Providers Reference

SecretSpec supports multiple storage backends for secrets. Each provider has its own URI format and configuration options.

This page is a compact URI reference. For installation, authentication, copyable project configuration, storage behavior, and CI/CD guidance, follow the link for the individual provider.

DotEnv Provider

URI: dotenv://[path] - Stores secrets in .env files

dotenv://                    # Uses default .env
dotenv:///config/.env        # Custom path
dotenv://config/.env         # Relative path

Features: Read/write, profiles, human-readable, no encryption

Environment Provider

URI: env:// - Read-only access to system environment variables

env://                       # Current process environment

Features: Read-only, no setup required, no persistence

systemd Credential Provider (0.17+)

Version compatibility

The systemd-credential provider is added in SecretSpec 0.17.

URI: systemd-credential:// - Reads credentials passed to the current service by systemd

systemd-credential://          # $CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY

Features: Read-only, flat credential names, immutable service-lifetime values, provider-credential source support Prerequisites: A process started by systemd with LoadCredential=, LoadCredentialEncrypted=, SetCredential=, or SetCredentialEncrypted= Storage: One runtime file per credential under $CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY; convention addresses use the SecretSpec key as the filename, and ref.item selects a different credential name

GoPass Provider

Available starting with SecretSpec 0.15.

URI: gopass://[host][path] - Uses gopass, a multi-user and multi-store abstraction layer over pass, with GPG encryption

gopass://                                    # Default folder prefix
gopass://secretspec/shared/{profile}/{key}   # Custom folder prefix with placeholders

Features: Read/write, GPG encryption, git-backed sync, profiles, local storage Prerequisites: gopass CLI, initialized password store Storage: Path secretspec/{project}/{profile}/{key} by default; the URI host and path override the folder prefix and support {project}, {profile}, and {key} placeholders

Gopass entries store a single line; multiline secrets are truncated to their first line when read.

Keyring Provider

URI: keyring:// - Uses system keychain/keyring for secure storage

keyring://                   # System default keychain

Features: Read/write, secure encryption, profiles, cross-platform Storage: Service secretspec/{project}/{profile}/{key}, with the current operating-system username as the account

KeePass KDBX Provider (0.17+)

Version compatibility

The kdbx provider is added in SecretSpec 0.17.

URI: kdbx:PATH[?keyfile=PATH][&prefix=TEMPLATE] - Stores secrets in a KeePass-compatible encrypted database

kdbx:./secrets.kdbx
kdbx:/var/lib/myapp/secrets.kdbx
kdbx:./secrets.kdbx?keyfile=./secrets.key
kdbx:./shared.kdbx?prefix=teams/{project}/{profile}/{key}

Features: KDBX 3 read, KDBX 4 read/write, password and key-file authentication, standard and custom entry fields, profiles Prerequisites: Master password, key file, or both; build with --features kdbx (0.17+) Authentication: password provider credential from a bootstrap provider (recommended), or the discouraged SECRETSPEC_KDBX_PASSWORD fallback; optional ?keyfile=PATH Storage: Entry path secretspec/{project}/{profile}/{key}, field Password by default. A secret ref uses item for the complete group path and entry title, and optional field for a standard or custom field.

LastPass Provider

URI: lastpass://[item_template] - Integrates with LastPass via lpass CLI

lastpass://                                      # Default layout
lastpass://Work/SecretSpec/{project}/{profile}/{key} # Custom item template

Features: Read/write, cloud sync, profiles via folders, auto-sync Prerequisites: lpass CLI, authenticated with lpass login Storage: Item name secretspec/{project}/{profile}/{key} by default. A URI item template replaces the default and supports {project}, {profile}, and {key} placeholders.

Dashlane Provider (0.18+)

URI: dashlane://[item_type] - Integrates with Dashlane via the dcli CLI

dashlane://          # Search secrets, then logins, then notes
dashlane://note      # Secure notes only
dashlane://secret    # Dashlane Secrets only (Business plans)
dashlane://password  # Logins only

Features: Read-only, reads a locally synced vault, profiles via item titles Prerequisites: dcli CLI, device registered with dcli sync, or DASHLANE_SERVICE_DEVICE_KEYS for a non-interactive device Storage: Item titled secretspec/{project}/{profile}/{key}. The value is the item’s default field: content for a secret or note, password for a login. dcli cannot create or edit vault items, so secretspec set fails; author items in a Dashlane app and run dcli sync.

With DASHLANE_SERVICE_DEVICE_KEYS set, dcli runs against a private, owner-only state directory per credential, since it otherwise prefers an already-registered device and reads that identity’s vault instead. That state is separate from your own, so dcli configure disable-auto-sync true does not apply to it and those reads sync hourly.

OnePassword Provider

URI: onepassword://[account@]vault or onepassword+token://user:token@vault

onepassword://MyVault                           # Default account
onepassword://work@CompanyVault                 # Specific account
onepassword+token://user:op_token@SecureVault   # Service account

Features: Read/write, cloud sync, profiles via vaults, service accounts Prerequisites: op CLI, authenticated through desktop app integration, a service account token, or a legacy op signin shell session Storage: Secure Note named secretspec/{project}/{profile}/{key}, with tags automated and {project}

The URI names a vault only; item paths on the URI are rejected. To read and write an existing item’s field in place, name it with the ref field (SECRET = { description = "…", ref = { item = "…", field = "…" } }); see Secret References.

Keeper Secrets Manager Provider (0.18+)

Version compatibility

The keeper provider is added in SecretSpec 0.18.

URI: keeper://FOLDER_UID[?config_file=PATH] - Stores records in Keeper Secrets Manager through Keeper’s official Rust SDK

keeper://SHARED_FOLDER_UID
keeper://SHARED_FOLDER_UID?config_file=.keeper/client-config.json

Features: Read/write/delete, end-to-end encryption, profile-aware record titles, standard and custom field references, batched retrieval Prerequisites: A Keeper Secrets Manager application with access to the selected folder; build with --features keeper (0.18+) Authentication: config provider credential or KSM_CONFIG; alternatively a bound config_file. token/KSM_TOKEN can initialize a file configuration. Storage: Login record titled secretspec/{project}/{profile}/{key}, field password. A ref selects an existing record by UID or exact title and an optional standard/custom field.

Pass Provider

URI: pass:// - Uses Unix password manager with GPG encryption

pass://                       # Default password store

Features: Read/write, GPG encryption, profiles, local storage Prerequisites: pass CLI, initialized with pass init <gpg-key-id> Storage: Path secretspec/{project}/{profile}/{key}

Proton Pass Provider

URI: protonpass://[vault[/title-template]] - Stores secrets in Proton Pass via the official pass-cli

protonpass://                                      # Default vault ("secretspec")
protonpass://Work                                  # Specific vault
protonpass://Work/{project}/{profile}/{key}        # Custom vault and title template

Features: Read/write, end-to-end encryption, cloud sync, vault organisation, PAT-based CI auth Prerequisites: pass-cli, authenticated with pass-cli login (or pass-cli login --pat $PAT for CI) Storage: Note item titled {project}/{profile}/{key} inside the configured vault

Google Cloud Secret Manager Provider

URI: gcsm://PROJECT_ID - Stores secrets in Google Cloud Secret Manager

gcsm://my-gcp-project         # GCP project ID

Features: Read/write, cloud sync, profiles, service account support Prerequisites: gcloud CLI, authenticated, Secret Manager API enabled, build with --features gcsm Storage: Secret name secretspec-{project}-{profile}-{key}

AWS Secrets Manager Provider

URI: awssm://[profile@]REGION - Stores secrets in AWS Secrets Manager

awssm://us-east-1             # Specific AWS region
awssm://production@us-east-1  # Specific AWS profile and region
awssm://                      # SDK default region and credentials

Features: Read/write, cloud sync, profiles, IAM/SSO authentication Prerequisites: AWS credentials configured, build with --features awssm Storage: Secret name secretspec/{project}/{profile}/{key}

AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store Provider (0.18+)

Version compatibility

The awsps provider is added in SecretSpec 0.18.

URI (0.18+): awsps://[profile@]REGION[?prefix=PATH&template=TEMPLATE&kms_key_id=KEY&tier=TIER]

• Stores secrets as encrypted AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store values; prefix and template are mutually exclusive.

awsps://us-east-1                                  # Specific AWS region
awsps://production@us-east-1                       # AWS profile and region
awsps://us-east-1?prefix=/team                     # Additional hierarchy
awsps://us-east-1?template=/{profile}/{project}/{key} # Replace the hierarchy
awsps://us-east-1?kms_key_id=alias/key&tier=advanced
awsps://                                           # SDK defaults

Features (0.18+): Read/write, SecureString encryption, cloud sync, profiles, IAM/SSO authentication, batched reads, version- or label-pinned read-only refs Prerequisites (0.18+): AWS credentials configured, build with --features awsps Storage (0.18+): Parameter [/prefix]/secretspec/{project}/{profile}/{key}. template replaces the complete layout and must end in /{key}; kms_key_id selects a customer-managed key, while tier accepts standard, advanced, or intelligent-tiering Discovery (0.18+): Bounded declaration discovery through init --from

Scaleway Secret Manager Provider (0.17+)

URI: scaleway://[REGION][?project_id=UUID&path=/folder] - Stores secrets in Scaleway Secret Manager

scaleway://fr-par                                    # Region, project from SCW_DEFAULT_PROJECT_ID
scaleway://nl-ams?project_id=PROJECT_UUID            # Region and project
scaleway://fr-par?project_id=PROJECT_UUID&path=/team # Nest under a folder
scaleway://                                          # Region from SCW_DEFAULT_REGION, else fr-par

Features: Read/write, cloud sync, profiles via folders, version-pinned refs, JSON-key refs Prerequisites: Scaleway API secret key (secret_key credential or SCW_SECRET_KEY), build with --features scaleway Storage: Folder [{base}/]secretspec/{project}/{profile}, secret name {key}

Vault Provider

URI: vault://[namespace@]host[:port][/mount][?options] - Stores secrets in HashiCorp Vault’s KV engine

vault://vault.example.com:8200/secret       # KV v2 at "secret" mount
vault://vault.example.com:8200              # Default "secret" mount
vault://ns1@vault.example.com:8200/secret   # With namespace
vault://vault.example.com:8200/secret?auth=approle
# SecretSpec 0.17+
vault://vault.example.com:8200/secret?auth=jwt&role=ci
vault://127.0.0.1:8200/secret?kv=1         # KV v1 engine
vault://127.0.0.1:8200/secret?tls=false    # Disable TLS (dev mode)

Features: Read/write, KV v1 and v2, namespaces; token and AppRole authentication; JWT/OIDC authentication (0.17+) Prerequisites: Vault server, authentication credentials, build with --features vault Storage: KV path secretspec/{project}/{profile}/{key} with a value field

OpenBao Provider (0.17+)

Version compatibility

The openbao provider is added in SecretSpec 0.17.

URI: openbao://[namespace@]host[:port][/mount][?options] - Stores secrets in OpenBao’s KV engine

openbao://bao.example.com:8200/secret
openbao://team-a@bao.example.com:8200/secret
openbao://bao.example.com:8200/secret?auth=approle
openbao://bao.example.com:8200/secret?auth=jwt&role=ci
openbao://127.0.0.1:8200/secret?kv=1&tls=false

Features: Read/write, KV v1 and v2, namespaces; token, AppRole, and JWT/OIDC authentication; documented OpenBao CLI variables plus SecretSpec-defined BAO_* AppRole/JWT inputs, all with VAULT_* compatibility fallbacks Prerequisites: OpenBao server, authentication credentials, build with --features openbao (0.17+) Storage: KV path secretspec/{project}/{profile}/{key} with a value field

Bitwarden Secrets Manager Provider

URI: bws://[SERVER_BASE@]PROJECT_UUID - Stores secrets in Bitwarden Secrets Manager

bws://a9230ec4-5507-4870-b8b5-b3f500587e4c                    # US cloud (default)
bws://vault.bitwarden.eu@a9230ec4-5507-4870-b8b5-b3f500587e4c # EU cloud
bws://bw.example.com@a9230ec4-5507-4870-b8b5-b3f500587e4c     # Self hosted

SERVER_BASE is the bare hostname of the Bitwarden instance. SecretSpec 0.17+ passes https://SERVER_BASE to bws --server-url; SecretSpec 0.16 and earlier derive the https://SERVER_BASE/identity and https://SERVER_BASE/api endpoints through the SDK. Omit it to use the bitwarden.com US cloud.

Features: Read/write, cloud sync, project-scoped, end-to-end encryption Prerequisites: BWS subscription, machine account access token, build with --features bws Storage: Flat key names in the specified BWS project

SecretSpec 0.17 and later require the official bws CLI 0.3.0 or later on PATH and invoke it for all reads and writes; set SECRETSPEC_BWS_CLI_PATH to use another executable path. The access token is supplied through the child process environment. Secret values passed to the CLI for creation or editing may briefly be visible to same-user process-inspection tools.

Azure Key Vault Provider

URI: akv://VAULT_NAME[?auth=env|cli|managed_identity|workload_identity][&suffix=DNS_SUFFIX] - Stores secrets in Azure Key Vault

akv://myvault                            # Service principal env vars, falling back to `az login`
akv://myvault?auth=managed_identity      # VM / App Service / AKS system-assigned managed identity
akv://myvault?auth=workload_identity     # AKS workload identity federation
akv://myvault.vault.azure.cn             # Sovereign cloud (full DNS name)
akv://myvault?suffix=vault.azure.cn      # Sovereign cloud (explicit suffix, bare vault name)

Features: Read/write, cloud sync, profiles, service principal/managed identity/workload identity auth Prerequisites: An Azure Key Vault instance, authenticated via one of the methods above, build with --features akv Storage: Secret name secretspec--{base32(project)}--{base32(profile)}--{base32(key)} (lowercase, unpadded Base32 preserves case and punctuation distinctions within Azure’s case-insensitive secret-name namespace)

Infisical Provider

Available since SecretSpec 0.16.

URI: infisical://[HOST]/PROJECT_ID[?env=SLUG][&path=/PREFIX][&tls=false] - Stores secrets in Infisical

infisical://app.infisical.com/7e2f1a4c-...            # Infisical Cloud (US)
infisical://eu.infisical.com/7e2f1a4c-...             # Infisical Cloud (EU)
infisical://vault.example.com/7e2f1a4c-...?env=prod   # Read every profile from one environment
infisical://localhost:8080/7e2f1a4c-...?tls=false     # Self-hosted over plain HTTP

The project is Infisical’s project UUID (Project Settings → Project ID); its API does not accept the project slug. Without a host, the provider reads INFISICAL_DOMAIN, then Infisical’s legacy INFISICAL_API_URL, then defaults to Infisical Cloud.

Features: Read/write, cloud sync, profiles, machine-identity (Universal Auth) or token auth, secret references, version-pinned refs Prerequisites: An Infisical project, a machine identity with access to it, build with --features infisical Authentication: INFISICAL_CLIENT_ID + INFISICAL_CLIENT_SECRET (Universal Auth), or a ready-made INFISICAL_TOKEN. Service tokens are not supported; Infisical deprecated them in favour of machine identities. Storage: Secret {key} in folder /secretspec/{project}/{profile}, in the environment named by the profile (or by ?env=). Keys are stored verbatim.

By default the SecretSpec profile names the Infisical environment, so a production profile reads the production environment. Projects whose environments do not correspond to profiles pin one with ?env=; the profile still names the folder, so profiles never share a secret.

Values are read with Infisical’s secret references expanded, matching its own CLI, so a value of postgres://${DB_USER}@host arrives resolved.

age Provider (0.17+)

Version compatibility: The age provider is added in SecretSpec 0.17.

URI: age://PATH[?identity=FILE][&recipients-file=FILE][&armor=false] - Stores secrets in a single age-encrypted file committed alongside code

age://secrets.age                                        # Encrypt to your own identity
age://secrets.age?identity=/home/alice/.config/age/plugin-identity.txt
age://secrets.age?recipients-file=secrets.age.recipients # Share with a roster

Features: Read/write, committed-file storage, X25519 and SSH keys, native tagged recipients, and non-interactive age-plugin-* recipients and identities Prerequisites: An age identity; hybrid ML-KEM-768 + X25519 keys from age-keygen -pq are recommended for new setups and currently require the non-interactive age-plugin-pq compatibility plugin. Build with --features age. Authentication: The identity credential, AGE_IDENTITY, or ?identity=; recipients from ?recipients-file= or derived from the identity Storage: One KEY=value entry per secret inside the encrypted blob at PATH

SOPS Provider (0.17+)

Version compatibility

The sops provider is added in SecretSpec 0.17.

URI: sops://PATH[?format=yaml|json|dotenv|ini] - Stores secrets in a SOPS-encrypted file or a templated set of files

sops://secrets.enc.yaml
sops://secrets/{project}/{profile}.enc.json
sops://secrets/{project}/.env.{profile}.enc?format=dotenv

Features: Read/write, YAML, JSON, dotenv, and INI files, SOPS key-service support, and profile-aware templated paths Prerequisites: The sops CLI and the required SOPS key configuration; build with --features sops (0.17+) Authentication: SOPS environment variables or provider credentials such as age_key, aws_secret_access_key, azure_client_secret, and hc_vault_token Storage: Single-file YAML and JSON can namespace convention secrets by project and profile; INI uses profile sections and dotenv is flat. Templated paths contain flat keys in one file per project/profile.

Provider Selection

Command Line

# Simple provider names
secretspec get API_KEY --provider keyring
secretspec get API_KEY --provider dotenv
secretspec get API_KEY --provider env

# URIs with configuration
secretspec get API_KEY --provider dotenv:/path/to/.env
secretspec get API_KEY --provider onepassword://vault
secretspec get API_KEY --provider "onepassword://account@vault"

Environment Variables

export SECRETSPEC_PROVIDER=keyring
export SECRETSPEC_PROVIDER="dotenv:///config/.env"

Security Considerations

Provider	Encryption	Storage Location	Network Access
DotEnv	❌ Plain text	Local filesystem	❌ No
Environment	❌ Plain text	Process memory	❌ No
systemd Credential (0.17+)	Depends on unit source	systemd-managed runtime memory	❌ No
Keyring	✅ System encryption	System keychain	❌ No
KeePass KDBX (0.17+)	✅ KDBX encryption	Local filesystem	❌ No
Pass	✅ GPG encryption	Local filesystem	❌ No
GoPass	✅ GPG encryption	Local filesystem	❌ No
Proton Pass	✅ End-to-end	Cloud (Proton)	✅ Yes
LastPass	✅ End-to-end	Cloud (LastPass)	✅ Yes
Dashlane (0.18+)	✅ End-to-end	Cloud (Dashlane), synced locally	Yes — dcli auto-syncs hourly
OnePassword	✅ End-to-end	Cloud (OnePassword)	✅ Yes
Keeper (0.18+)	✅ End-to-end	Cloud (Keeper)	✅ Yes
GCSM	✅ Google-managed	Cloud (GCP)	✅ Yes
AWSSM	✅ AWS KMS	Cloud (AWS)	✅ Yes
AWS Parameter Store (0.18+)	✅ AWS KMS (SecureString)	Cloud (AWS)	✅ Yes
Scaleway (0.17+)	✅ Scaleway-managed	Cloud (Scaleway)	✅ Yes
Vault	✅ Vault encryption	Vault server	✅ Yes
OpenBao (0.17+)	✅ OpenBao encryption	OpenBao server	✅ Yes
BWS	✅ End-to-end	Cloud (Bitwarden)	✅ Yes
AKV	✅ Azure-managed	Cloud (Azure)	✅ Yes
Infisical	✅ Infisical-managed	Cloud (Infisical) or self-hosted	✅ Yes
age (0.17+)	✅ age encryption	Local filesystem	❌ No
SOPS (0.17+)	✅ Configured SOPS encryption	Local filesystem	Depends on configured key service